MySQL查看字符集和校对规则
在 MySQL 中，查看可用字符集的令和执行过程如下：
mysql> SHOW CHARACTER set;
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |
| dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |
| cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 |
| hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 |
| koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 |
| latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 |
| latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 |
| swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 |
| ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 |
| ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 |
| sjis | Shift-JIS Japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 |
| hebrew | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 |
| tis620 | TIS620 Thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 |
| euckr | EUC-KR Korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 |
| koi8u | KOI8-U Ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 |
| gb2312 | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 |
| greek | ISO 8859-7 Greek | greek_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1250 | Windows Central European | cp1250_general_ci | 1 |
| gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 |
| latin5 | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 |
| armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 |
| utf8 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 |
| ucs2 | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 |
| cp866 | DOS Russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 |
| keybcs2 | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 |
| macce | Mac Central European | macce_general_ci | 1 |
| macroman | Mac West European | macroman_general_ci | 1 |
| cp852 | DOS Central European | cp852_general_ci | 1 |
| latin7 | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 |
| utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8mb4_general_ci | 4 |
| cp1251 | Windows Cyrillic | cp1251_general_ci | 1 |
| utf16 | UTF-16 Unicode | utf16_general_ci | 4 |
| utf16le | UTF-16LE Unicode | utf16le_general_ci | 4 |
| cp1256 | Windows Arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1257 | Windows Baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 |
| utf32 | UTF-32 Unicode | utf32_general_ci | 4 |
| binary | Binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 |
| geostd8 | GEOSTD8 Georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 |
| cp932 | SJIS for Windows Japanese | cp932_japanese_ci | 2 |
| eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 |
| gb18030 | China National Standard GB18030 | gb18030_chinese_ci | 4 |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
41 rows in set (0.02 sec)
其中：
列（Charset）为字符集名称；
第二列（Description）为字符集描述；
第三列（Default collation）为字符集的默认校对规则；
第四列（Maxlen）表示字符集中一个字符占用的字节数。
常用的字符集如下：
latin1 支持西欧字符、希腊字符等。
gbk 支持中文简体字符。
big5 支持中文繁体字符。
utf8 几乎支持所有国家的字符。
也可以通过查询 information_schema.character_set 表中的记录，来查看 MySQL 支持的字符集。SQL 语句和执行过程如下：
mysql> SELECT * FROM information_schema.character_sets;
+--------------------+----------------------+---------------------------------+--------+
| CHARACTER_SET_NAME | DEFAULT_COLLATE_NAME | DESCRIPTION | MAXLEN |
+--------------------+----------------------+---------------------------------+--------+
| big5 | big5_chinese_ci | Big5 Traditional Chinese | 2 |
| dec8 | dec8_swedish_ci | DEC West European | 1 |
| cp850 | cp850_general_ci | DOS West European | 1 |
| hp8 | hp8_english_ci | HP West European | 1 |
......
可以使用
SHOW COLLATION LIKE '***'; 令来查看相关字符集的校对规则。上面运行结果为 GBK 字符集所对应的校对规则，其中 gbk_chinese_ci 是默认的校对规则，对大小写不敏感。而 gbk_bin 按照二进制编码的值进行比较，对大小写敏感。mysql> SHOW COLLATION LIKE 'gbk%';
+----------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+
| Collation | Charset | Id | Default | Compiled | Sortlen |
+----------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+
| gbk_chinese_ci | gbk | 28 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| gbk_bin | gbk | 87 | | Yes | 1 |
+----------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
也可以通过查询 information_schema.COLLATIONS 表中的记录，来查看 MySQL 中可用的校对规则。SQL 语句和执行过程如下：
mysql> SELECT * FROM information_schema.COLLATIONS;
+--------------------------+--------------------+-----+------------+-------------+---------+
| COLLATION_NAME | CHARACTER_SET_NAME | ID | IS_DEFAULT | IS_COMPILED | SORTLEN |
+--------------------------+--------------------+-----+------------+-------------+---------+
| big5_chinese_ci | big5 | 1 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| big5_bin | big5 | 84 | | Yes | 1 |
| dec8_swedish_ci | dec8 | 3 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| dec8_bin | dec8 | 69 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp850_general_ci | cp850 | 4 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| cp850_bin | cp850 | 80 | | Yes | 1 |
......
例 1
分别指定“A”和“a”按照 gbk_chinese_ci 和 gbk_bin 校对规则进行比较。SQL 语句和运行结果如下：由于 gbk_chinese_ci 校对规则忽略大小写，所以认为两个“A“和“a”是相同的。 gbk_bin 校对规则不忽略大小写，则认为两个字符是不同的。mysql> SELECT CASE WHEN 'A' COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci = 'a' COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci then 1
-> else 0 end;
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CASE WHEN 'A' COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci = 'a' COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci then 1
else 0 end |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
mysql> SELECT CASE WHEN 'A' COLLATE gbk_bin = 'a' COLLATE gbk_bin then 1
-> else 0 end;
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CASE WHEN 'A' COLLATE gbk_bin = 'a' COLLATE gbk_bin then 1
else 0 end |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 0 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
在实际应用中，我们应事先确认应用需要按照什么样方式排序，是否区分大小写，然后选择相应的校对规则。