oracle索引原理和使用(简述oracle索引和mysql索引的区别)
概述今天主要介绍Oracle数据库的三大索引类型,仅供参考。一、B-Tree索引三大特点:高度较低、存储列值、结构有序1.1利用索引特性进行优化外键上建立索引:不但可以查询效率,而且可以有效避免锁的竞争(外键所在表delete记录未提交,主键所在表会被锁住)。统计类查询SQL:count(), avg(), sum(), max(), min()排序操作:order by字段建立索引去重操作:distinctUNION/UNION ALL:union all不需要去重,不需要排序1.2联索引应用场景一:SQL查询列很少,建立查询列的联索引可以有效消除回表,但一般超过3个字段的联索引都是不适的.应用场景二:在字段A返回记录多,在字段B返回记录多,在字段A,B同时查询返回记录少,比如执行下面的查询,结果c1,c2都很多,c3却很少。select count(1) c1 from t where A = 1;select count(1) c2 from t where B = 2;select count(1) c3 from t where A = 1 and B = 2;联索引的列谁在前?普遍流行的观点:重复记录少的字段放在前面,重复记录多的放在后面,其实这样的结论并不准确。drop table t purge;create table t as select * from dba_objects;create index idx1_object_id on t(object_id,object_type);create index idx2_object_id on t(object_type,object_id);--等值查询:select * from t where object_id = 20 and object_type = 'TABLE';select /*+ index(t,idx1_object_id) */ * from t where object_id = 20 and object_type = 'TABLE';select /*+ index(t,idx2_object_id) */ * from t where object_id = 20 and object_type = 'TABLE';结论:等值查询情况下,组索引的列无论哪一列在前,性能都一样。--范围查询:select * from t where object_id >=20 and object_id < 2000 and object_type = 'TABLE';select /*+ index(t,idx1_object_id) */ * from t where object_id >=20 and object_id < 2000 and object_type = 'TABLE';select /*+ index(t,idx2_object_id) */ * from t where object_id >=20 and object_id < 2000 and object_type = 'TABLE';结论:组索引的列,等值查询列在前,范围查询列在后。 但如果在实际生产环境要确定组索引列谁在前,要综考虑所有常用SQL使用索引情况,因为索引过多会影响入库性能。1.3索引的危害表上有过多索引主要会严重影响插入性能;对delete操作,删除少量数据索引可以有效快速定位,删除效率,但是如果删除大量数据就会有负面影响;对update操作类似delete,而且如果更新的是非索引列则无影响。1.4索引的监控--监控alter index [index_name] monitoring usage;select * from v$object_usage;--取消监控:alter index [index_name] nomonitoring usage;根据对索引监控的结果,对长时间未使用的索引可以考虑将其删除。1.5索引的常见执行计划INDEX FULL SCAN:索引的全扫描,单块读,有序INDEX RANGE SCAN:索引的范围扫描INDEX FAST FULL SCAN:索引的快速全扫描,多块读,无序INDEX FULL SCAN(MIN/MAX):针对MAX(),MIN()函数的查询INDEX SKIP SCAN:查询条件没有用到组索引的列,而组索引的列重复度较高时,可能用到二、位图索引应用场景:表的更新操作极少,重复度很高的列。优势:count(*) 效率高create table t(name_id,gender not null,location not null,age_range not null,data)as selectrownum,decode(floor(dbms_random.value(0,2)),0,'M',1,'F') gender,ceil(dbms_random.value(0,50)) location,decode(floor(dbms_random.value(0,4)),0,'child',1,'young',2,'middle',3,'old') age_range,rpad('*',20,'*') datafrom dual connect by rownum <= 100000;create index idx_t on t(gender,location,age_range);create bitmap index gender_idx on t(gender);create bitmap index location_idx on t(location);create bitmap index age_range_idx on t(age_range);select * from t where gender = 'M' and location in (1,10,30) and age_range = 'child';select /*+ index(t,idx_t) */* from t where gender = 'M' and location in (1,10,30) and age_range = 'child';三、函数索引应用场景:不得不对某一列进行函数运算的场景。利用函数索引的效率要低于利用普通索引的。oracle中创建函数索引即是 你用到了什么函数就建什么函数索引,比如substrselect * from table where 1=1 and substr(field,0,2) in (’01’)创建索引的语句就是create index indexname on table(substr(fileld,0,2)) online nologging ;觉得有用的朋友多帮忙转发哦!后面会分享更多devops和DBA方面的内容,感兴趣的朋友可以关注下~